18th Century (1700-1799)
The Roles of Women and Men in Society
Group Members Blogs: Brooke Gillespie , Randall Anderson , Danika Leavitt , Hui Zhang
· Women (Picture 1)
o Expected to be involved only in domestic issues.
o
o After marriage, women were under control of their husbands.
o If widowed, law required women to acquire a male guardian for their children.
o Women rarely inherited any land if they had brothers.
o Believed to be more emotional then intellectual.
o Men started realizing that women would be better mothers and wives if they were educated in intellectual matters.
o Resulted in women pursuing educations.
o Urged to be familiar with various intellectual subjects, but not too familiar.
· Men
o Were in charge of their families.
o Bought and inherited land and property.
o Were able to get an education, even at the university level.
o Were the only ones to be involved in political activated, and were able to vote.
· Writers/Authors
o Johann Jakob Engel (Picture 2)
§ Emotional and dramatic books
§ Philosopher of the World
o Johann Bernhard Basedow
§ Elementarwerk
· A popular illustrated textbook for children
o Johann Christoph Gottsched
§ Important for the development of German style and purification of language
o Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel
§ Wrote satire and humor
o Maria Sophie von La Roche
§ Most of her works were meant to be morally instructive for young women
§
o Karl Philipp Moritz
§ Wrote many theoretical writings
§ Sturm and Drang
o Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr con Hardenburg) (Picture 3)
§ German Romanticism
§ His whole works are based most books on an idea of education
§ Notes of a Romantic Encylclopedia
o Gottlieb Wilhelm Rabener
§ Wrote satires
o Moritz August von Thummel
§ The Inoculation of Love, a tale in verse
o Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder
§ A co-founder of German Romanticism
· Poets
o Gottfried August Burger
§ Often wrote about a Molly, his 1st wife’s sister and his 2nd wife
§
o Christian Furchtegott Gellert
§ Wrote in order to raise the religious and moral character of the people
o Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim (Picture 4)
§ Wrote collevtions of fables and romances
o Ludwig Christoph Heinrich Holty
§ Roses Scattered on the Road
§ Who Would Bother With Barbecue?
o Ewald Christian von Kleist
§ Nickname “The Poet of the Spring”
o Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock
o Karl Wilhelm Ramler
o Johann Peter Uz
The Rulers and Governments
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Matt Dehn , Hui Zhang , YunFei Hua
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Matt Dehn , Hui Zhang , YunFei Hua
· The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the German states in 1648, but the empire was actually divided into independent states. From 1740 forward, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history (8).
The Music-Theatre-Dance Scene
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Brooke Gillespie , Danika Leavitt , Kristin Kreuger , Matt Dehn , Jekabs Klasons , Tom Monson
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Brooke Gillespie , Danika Leavitt , Kristin Kreuger , Matt Dehn , Jekabs Klasons , Tom Monson
· Musicians and Composers
o
§ Brought Italian and French influences to German music
o Ludwig van Beethoven (Picture 7)
§ Helped transition between music from the Classical to Romantic era in western music art
§ Often cited as the greatest composer that ever lived
§ Composed
· Fidelio
· The Ninth Symphony
o George Frideric Handel
§ Started three commercial opera companies
§ Composed
· Messiah
o Johann Pachelbel
§ One of the most important composers during the Baroque era
o Georg Philipp Telemann
§ Infused French, Italian, and Polish styles, with late Baroque and early Classical styles
·
o August Wilhelm Iffland (Picture 5)
§ Head of Berlin State Theatre
§ Wrote
· Crimes of Ambition
· Compulsory Service
o August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue
§ One of the most popular writers of his time
§ Wrote
· The Ruins of Athens
· King Stephen
·
o Gotthold Lessing (Picture 6)
§ Germany’s first true significant dramatist
§ Influenced the development of German literature
§ Wrote
· Miss Sarah Sampson
· Minna von Barnhelm (first national comedy)
o Karl von Marinelli
§ Wrote
· The Actor
· Don Juan or the Stone Guest
The Inventions and Industries
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Brooke Gillespie , Robert Niehoff , Lacey Harp , Danika Leavitt , Kristin Kreuger , Tom Goyette
Group Members Blogs: Randall Anderson , Brooke Gillespie , Robert Niehoff , Lacey Harp , Danika Leavitt , Kristin Kreuger , Tom Goyette
· Inventions
o In 1703, Gottfried Leibniz pioneered the binary number system, now virtually used in all computers.
o Daniel Fahrenheit invented the alcohol thermometer in 1709 and the mercury thermometer in 1714.
o Lithography was invented in 1798 in Germany by Aloys Senefelder. Lithography is a method of printing from a metal or stone surface on which the printing areas are not revised but made ink-receptive while the non-image areas are made ink repellent (1).
Refernces
(1) http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lithography (10/18/11)
(2) http://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html (10/18/11)
(3) http://www.krysstal.com/display_inventions.php?years=1700+to+1800 (10/18/11)
(4) http://timelines.ws/1700_1724.HTML (10/18/11)
(5) http://www.ehow.com/info_8233221_discoveries-inventions-advances-1700s.html (10/18/11)
(6) http://www.lehigh.edu/~incntr/publications/perspectives/v14/hagenbuch.pdf (10/18/11)
(7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German-language_authors (10/18/11)
(8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany (10/18/11)
(9) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue (10/18/11)
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Iffland (10/18/11)
(11) http://www.cwu.edu/~robinsos/ppages/resources/Theatre_History/Theahis_12.html (10/18/11)
Pictures
(1) https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuRpYVm5sWvkNeMRDR9WdNAL-1p2E_PwGSP4x-Lg7RNUl4gGDjYrzEkeMRmTdae65OBXfaI9FMCCcWZAwZDIr4-EeQIb6enAFimNkNimmP60oP-WZktgvIatHHFXnIzsPhGs1a9SAVF_o/s1600/Max+Liebermann+%2528German+painter%252C+1847-1935%2529++Women+in+a+Canning+Factory+1879.jpg (10/18/11)
(2) http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Johann+Jakob+Engel&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1R2RNSM_enUS389&biw=1366&bih=507&tbm=isch&tbnid=aGq9meedSxp4dM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Engel&docid=4pJ8xq1S93PFdM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Johann_Jacob_Engel.jpg/220px-Johann_Jacob_Engel.jpg&w=220&h=260&ei=nkWeTsbQFIeQsQLKzOTxCQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=196&sig=107636149531949537570&page=1&tbnh=156&tbnw=142&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&tx=119&ty=94 (10/18/11)
(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis (10/18/11)
(4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ludwig_Gleim (10/18/11)
(5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Iffland (10/18/11)
(6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing (10/18/11)
(7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Van_Beethoven (10/18/11)
(8) http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sugexp=kjrmc&cp=19&gs_id=1m&xhr=t&q=women+1700s+germany&qe=d29tZW4gMTcwMHMgZ2VybWFueQ&qesig=q2gEnvTP-lvjlSKxPd5bQg&pkc=AFgZ2tnAWA6IoDBODYhm6kSlBXQ-RNNPMJbKUOCzdUMkH71R9UjMKTwHrEK1CfOeNxxG0TZBjMKl6IhM4nHpjlvV-yFaY0y1rw&rlz=1R2RNSM_enUS389&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1366&bih=507&wrapid=tljp1318998039106032&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&rlz=1R2RNSM_enUS389&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=1700s+thermometer&oq=1700s+thermometer&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=7204l302496l0l302810l18l13l0l0l0l0l199l1612l4.9l13l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=52ea6ee7a370ccdf&biw=1366&bih=507 (10/18/11)
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